Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India

نویسندگان

  • ANITA SINGH
  • RAJESH KUMAR SHARMA
  • MADHOOLIKA AGRAWAL
  • FIONA M. MARSHALL
چکیده

In certain areas of Varanasi city, waste water from Dinapur sewage treatment plant is used for irrigating vegetable plots. We quantified the concentrations of heavy metals, viz. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil, vegetables and the waste water used for irrigation. The waste water used for irrigation had the highest concentration of Zn followed by Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Cd. Continuous application of waste water for more than 20 years has led to accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. Consequently, concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni have crossed the safe limits for human consumption in all the vegetables. Percent contribution of fruit vegetables to daily human intake for Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr was higher than that of leafy vegetables, while the reverse was true for Cd and Zn. Target hazard quotient showed health risk to the local population associated with Cd, Pb and Ni contamination of vegetables. Therefore, to reduce the health risk and the extent of heavy metal contamination, steps must be taken for efficient treatment of sewage. Regular monitoring of heavy metals in the vegetables grown in waste water irrigated areas is also necessary. Resumen: En ciertas áreas de la ciudad de Varanasi, el agua residual de la planta de tratamiento de drenaje de Dinapur es usada para regar cultivos de verduras. Cuantificamos las concentraciones de metales pesados, i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb y Zn en el suelo, las verduras y el agua residual usada para el riego. El agua residual usada para regar tuvo la mayor concentración de Zn, seguida de Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu y Cd. La aplicación continua de aguas de desecho por más de 20 años ha conducido a una acumulación de metales pesados en el suelo, por lo que las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Ni han rebasado los límites seguros para el consumo humano en todas las verduras. La contribución porcentual de las verduras frutales a la ingestión diaria en los humanos de Cu, Ni, Pb y Cr fue mayor que la de las verduras hojosas, mientras que lo contrario fue cierto para el Cd y el Zn. El Cociente de riesgo para blancos (Target hazard quotient) mostró un riesgo para la salud de la población local asociado con las verduras contaminadas con Cd, Pb y Ni. Por lo tanto, para reducir este riesgo y la magnitud de la contaminación por metales pesados se deben tomar pasos para el tratamiento eficiente del drenaje. Asimismo, es necesario monitorear regularmente los metales pesados en las verduras cultivadas en áreas irrigadas con aguas de desecho. Resumo: Em certas áreas da cidade de Varanasi, as águas residuais da estação de tratamento de esgotos é utilizada parta a irrigação de hortas. Quantificaram-se as concentrações em metais pesados, i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn no solo, nos vegetais e na água residual usada para irrigação. A água residual usada na irrigação apresentava a maior concentração em Zn seguida pelo Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu e Cd. A aplicação continuada de água residual por mais de 20 anos conduziu a uma acumulação de metais pesados no solo. Consequentemente, as concen-

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تاریخ انتشار 2010